"Viruses have never been against life; viruses are not even living life forms. They are the genetic memory of our potential."
"It's not in a virus's best interests to kill its host... the best thing for the virus is just to progress to evolve into this low-dose, low potency kind of pathogen."
"Viruses stop because they want to propagate. If there were a virus that killed all the population, the virus would have died as well."
"Out of 33 different types of viruses discovered in those samples, 29 were completely new to science."
"Viruses follow the principles of natural selection."
"We of course often forget that when a virus becomes less harmful, it is because the immunity of the population is growing, is keeping the virus better and better under control."
"In some countries, SARS-CoV-2 was present before even the pandemic was declared."
"Alleged ties between Wuhan's virology lab and the Chinese military documents from a state-funded project seemingly reveal evidence of their collaboration."
"Viruses just might be the most successful of Earth's inhabitants."
"RNA viruses like coronaviruses mutate all the time. Most of the mutations don't have any physiological relevance with regard to the function of the virus itself."
"There will never be a cure for the common cold because the common cold isn't a single virus."
"So, what does this mean? That the pokerus is inviable? That it's not a virus and it couldn't exist? Oh, absolutely not."
"Virus's entire jam is invading cells and twisting them for our own uses before moving on to another cell and doing the same thing."
"So, the viruses are infecting cells... and then the immune system comes and mounts that response and kind of over does it."
"We live in a balance, in a perfect equilibrium. I think we'd be done without viruses." - Virololgist's perspective on viruses
"Viruses typically mutate for two reasons: one to transmit better and two to be less deadly."
"Locking down essentially created isolated incubation, viruses are more likely to mutate in isolation."
"Viruses are not alive in any traditional sense of the word. They self-replicate but they can't do it without a living organism to use as part of their reproduction."
"The virus disappears when it's on surface after a certain number of days or in some cases hours."
"Making an engineered virus is not a trivial matter." - Angela Rasmussen
"Viral warfare is an existential threat to humanity."
"I absolutely love viruses. I have a passion for them that few people have."
"Viruses infect every living thing on the planet. Nothing escapes a virus infection."
"The furin site of SARS-CoV-2 has odd features that no human would design."
"Virology is an integrative science. To understand viruses, you need to know all kinds of other Sciences."
"A virus is an infectious obligate intracellular parasite that has genetic material."
"Viruses don't achieve their goals in a human-centric manner."
"You can fit about 500 million rhinoviruses on the head of a pin."
"Viruses outnumber cellular life by at least 10 to 1, driving global cycles on Earth."
"Every infected person makes tens or hundreds of thousands of mutant copies."
"What an astonishing foe with just 38 kilobytes of information packed in a little tiny lipid bilayer."
"This mysterious little 38 kilobyte package of information is proving to be smarter than a lot of big wealthy countries."
"This virus is not going to go extinct... they keep on promising the public... as if the fact that we are more virtuous as a society somehow influences what this virus is going to do."
"It would be very surprising if the coronavirus were an exception, almost certainly true."
"The more time you give a virus... the more likely it is that stronger variants end up becoming the dominant strain."
"When it comes to understanding and fighting viruses, Dr. Anthony Fauci is the man you want on your side."
"Here we are dealing with a virus that never would have existed unless these scientists had put it together in the first place." - Highlighting the responsibility of scientists in shaping the world.
"Viruses are constant adversaries of every living thing."
"The tendency for the virus to become less virulent over time is not likely to happen with SARS coronavirus 2."
"In the grand tapestry of life, viruses have been not just a thread, but a master weaver, intricately shaping the very fabric of our existence."
"At this very moment there are thousands of viruses evolving..."
"Understanding viral genotypes is essential for selecting the most effective antiviral therapy."
"Once you're infected and you recover, if you get exposed to this exact virus, you will not get reinfected."
"Viruses are toxins that are released from cells that are under stress, whether it's a bat or an animal or a plant."
"This virus can only reproduce inside human cells."
"The virus is so tiny that it can only be viewed through an electron microscope. It's about 80 to 120 nanometers in diameter, about one thousandth the width of an eyelash."
"The virus has mutated to become more transmissible."
"This is the enzyme of the virus, we know that when the virus would arrive in our cells."
"The longer a virus has to spread through a population, the more chances it gets to mutate and the more likely one of those mutations will turn out to make the virus deadlier or more resistant to vaccines."
"The COVID-19 virus gets into a cell, it infects the cell, it reproduces, and then it also interferes with that cell's ability to produce interferons."
"It restores the lung's ability to neutralize the virus."
"When viruses mutate, they generally become less dangerous. Isn't that a good thing?"
"Interferons are so cool because they interfere with viral replication."
"Every time we get a new virus emerging, we have people say this could have come from a lab."
"A virus will not mutate unless you allow it to replicate."
"The vast majority of droplets had no virus in it at all." - Dr. Russell Blaylock
"Only a few of those bees in that swarm are armed and loaded and able to knock out the virus."
"Never before have we been able to break down the sequence of a virus."
"All viruses continue to mutate all the time."
"The work of Lazear is notable for being the first discovery of a human virus, rather than a bacterial infectious agent, in medical history." - Jesse William Lazear
"Soap renders the virus ineffective. There's no way it can affect a human cell after that encounter."
"You don't have to weaponize viruses. Mother Nature's been doing it quite happily all by herself for some 4 billion years now."
"This virus is behaving quite differently than SARS and unfortunately the ways in which it is different make it particularly difficult to contain."
"Interferon is the Cornerstone of getting rid of viruses from the body."
"Everything I know so far suggests accidental release."
"Scientists have revived a zombie virus that spent 48,500 years in the permafrost."
"There's a reason we have never come up with an effective vaccine for a coronavirus for good reason. They mutate too quickly."
"These coronaviruses latch on to proteins studding the outside of lung cells."
"We could not have crafted a virus like this to do what it's doing."
"Could god have somehow infected us with life and could viruses be a key to understanding how something like this might have happened?"
"The immunological response to SARS coronavirus 2 is more similar to SARS coronavirus 1 and beta coronaviruses, suggesting longer-lasting immunity."
"Disease is always a race... between virus replication and immune response."
"The ability of viruses to mutate is an amazing aspect of evolution, allowing them to adapt to changes in their environment."
"Even if omicron possibly leads to ADE, clinically it's a better virus than delta for us."
"Inactivated umicron could be an excellent vaccine absolutely absolutely."
"The viruses learning to exist with us, which is better for the virus and better for us."
"Coronavirus is actually not one virus but rather a family of at least 23 related viruses that are subdivided into four groups."
"Frozen viruses are not just remnants of our planet's past but potential participants in its future."
"The virus has to keep its basic properties to transmit, replicate, and grow."
"We will actually probably need to target multiple points in the viral life cycle, as we do with HIV and HCV, since evolution of resistance against the single drug could be expected to happen pretty quickly."
"Does it occur to you that there are a heck of a lot of viruses out there... that scientists have never been able to create a safe and effective vaccine for?"
"Each virus is a reminder of how delicate our humanity truly is."
"One step closer to uncovering the pandemic's origin: Wuhan's virology lab may have already been capable of creating bad coronaviruses in 2018."
"Rewrite our timeline and even deadly viruses that pose a threat to all lives on earth have been uncovered."
"Researchers didn't just find a preserved virus in ice, they revived it."
"SARS-CoV-2 is a member of a very large family of coronaviruses, and novel coronaviruses will likely emerge in the future."
"The virus has essentially figured out a way to incorporate a very small number of amino acid substitutions that have very large phenotypic consequences."
"Born from human mothers, the transformation happens when a specific virus interacts with a specific genetic mutation."
"10 nonillion viruses outstrips the number of stars in our sky."
"Viruses are carriers of genetic information from one cell to another... effectively extracellular organelles."
"The infectious virus particle... not just a package, but rather an active payload deliverer."
"Viruses come in two major flavors: enveloped and non-enveloped."
"First I want to point out that SARS and MERS coronavirus and we don't know yet the answer for CoV-2, an interesting feature of these viruses is that they induce very little if any interferon in most cells."
"Viruses face the challenge of emergence."
"About almost 10%... are defunct viruses."
"The real issue is whether the changes in these variants avoid the immunity produced by infection or vaccination."
"There are more viruses than people on Earth."
"Particle to pfu ratio can best be described as... a virus which may or may not be infectious."
"This is a part of viruses that generally will change much more rapidly than many other regions of the virus."
"These double membrane vesicles are really filling the cytoplasm of these coronavirus infected cells. They're pretty much everywhere."
"...our understanding of viruses in particular has grown monumentally."
"That's one of the reasons why it's hard to neutralize this virus with antibodies, because the way the antibody is neutralized is to cross-link the glycoproteins, and if they're so far apart, that's difficult."
"Viruses are the first ones that I want you to know. So, dengue virus is one particular type, okay? So, dengue virus. The other one is the herpes virus."
"Approximately 800,000,000 viruses fall on every square meter of the Earth every day."
"The seven kinds of RNA and this idea that mRNA has to be engaged by host ribosomes can be used to unify all of the viruses on the planet."
"Different viruses, even from different families, can bind the same receptors."
"You need very few receptors to actually get into a cell."
"That's the way it is actually, it makes it hard for antibodies to clamp them together to neutralize them."
"Most viruses want to get out of the endocytic pathway before the endosomes fuse with lysosomes."
"So viruses are professional introducers of genetic material into cells, they are extremely good at that, they are evolved for that."
"To understand more of this process, we really got to understand more about the compartment that the virus arrives in when taken up in a cell."
"Combining structural data with single virus particle imaging on living cells can help answer questions about the entry process."
"The virus particle is shown here in an electron micrograph, taken with a cryopreserved specimen with no stain."
"Enveloped viruses enter cells by membrane fusion, while non-enveloped viruses need to get in by some sort of perforation process."
"The rotavirus particle, sometimes called a triple layered particle, has three protein layers."
"So the virus outstrips the antibody response."
"We can lock the spike protein in the closed state."
"Viruses were originally referred to as filterable agents that basically means that filters that were designed to catch other microorganisms didn't catch viruses."
"Self-assembly of virus particles does not occur."
"To get to state number three and we call virus particles spring-loaded because when they're assembled they have energy put into them in the form of bonds and then when they that energy is then used to disassemble the particle upon the right signal."
"The first is that we to build a stable structure which is part of the meta stability we take many identical proteins and repeat them over and over to build the virus particle."
"A3G introduces mutations into the viral genome, making the virus non-viable."
"Utilizing cellular transcription factors regulates HIV replication."
"For this virus, the genome is the same as the mRNA. The genome comes in, it's translated immediately."
"Phages are viruses actually that work on killing certain bacteria."
"The two glycoproteins on flu virus are hemagglutinin and neuraminidase."
"Now viruses are small, part of the original definition I used to give in this course is viruses are very small. However, they are actually bigger than we thought they were."
"They're very old. Some of them arose in the sea about 450 million years ago. That would put them in the Ordovician period."
"Neutralization blocks the virus's ability to bind to the appropriate receptor on the host cell, preventing infection."
"Understanding this interplay is helping us understand how viruses can reshape the gene expression environment."
"Viruses can reshape the gene expression environment."
"Viruses like a gamma herpes viruses are able to dramatically reshape the gene expression environment of a host cell during infection."
"Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that get their name from the halo of spike proteins on their outer surface, which resemble a crown under a microscope."
"The new coronavirus is called SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 stands for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus II."
"The canine hematophagic virus is an insidious and ultra-efficient agent of infection, spreading to nearly every system and tissue within the canine body within mere hours."
"The virus appears to upregulate genes involved in immune response, potentially as a countermeasure to the increased risk of exposure to blood-borne pathogens."
"I have observed a shift towards a form of limited bipedalism, likely mediated by the virus's influence on host gene expression."
"Immunosuppression is a consequence of virus infection."
"Viral immunopathology is nothing new."
"The solution is to have a protein that will bind the viral DNA and recruit cellular proteins."
"That's how the viruses get the cells to enter mitosis."
"What do you find beautiful about viruses? A post-COVID assessment strategy."
"Somehow these RNA viruses were permanently changing the cell."
"Negative-strand RNA viruses... They must have a polymerase in the particle."
"More viruses in coastal sea water than there are people on earth."
"10 million virus particles per milliliter in sea water."
"There are 10 to the 29th virus infections a day."
"Viruses mobilize enough carbon per year."
"Here's a story about a giant virus that infects green algae."
"RNA viruses make a lot of mutations and that's the origin of diversity among RNA viruses."
"If a virus has a furin cleavage site, it can be more ready to infect cells."
"Another definition for an emerging virus is a virus with an expanded host range and a disease not previously obvious."
"Viruses are using the host cell and all the information the host cell contains to make proteins."
"The virus life cycle involves attachment and entry... then this process of replication that relies on a bunch of viral enzymes."
"Another critical step that's unique to viruses is this replication cycle which utilizes enzymes such as an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that's unique to SARS-CoV-2."
"In virology, you can select for temperature sensitive mutants."
"We live and prosper in a cloud of viruses."
"Most encounters we have with viruses have little or no consequence."
"Viruses have a free ride in, of course."
"Other viruses clearly have extensive spreading."
"This is how many viruses can spread from the respiratory tract to other tissues."
"Spreading of viruses in the blood is called hematogenous spread."
"Neurotropic means the virus infects nerve cells."
"Many virus infections are seasonal."
"In viral screening, we maintain cell viability of infected cells by inhibiting the virus's target."
"Bacteriophages are making a comeback."
"Omicron is a new SARS-CoV-2 variant that was first detected in Botswana."
"RNA replicase is a viral enzyme that copies RNA into RNA."
"Alright, long story short – my name is Cam and I’m a virologist."
"Nowadays we know an incredible amount of detail about viruses."
"Bacteria can acquire immunity from viruses and use it to protect themselves from future infection."
"If you get a substantial immune response, it'll target the virus and it'll go away."
"If you want to understand human health and disease, you have to understand viruses."
"A virion is a complete, fully developed infectious particle."
"Interferons basically interfere with viral replication."
"Virology is an amazing subject; viruses are amazing."
"All the DNA viruses... remember the 'D' in DNA for 'double-stranded'."
"I want you to see the big picture of virology."
"...if you find a new virus, you sequence its genome and you immediately classify it by computational biology methods."
"Rhinovirus is the most common causative agent with 30 to 80 percent of common colds being caused by rhinovirus."
"Tissue culture is widely used to get rid of viruses in plants."
"Of the 260 human viruses that are currently known, two-thirds of them were originally animal viruses."
"A virus is a message that's floating around out there for centuries, getting into the human body, invading the cell, telling the cell the wrong things to do."
"It's really a family, the people that listen to this week in virology."
"It has become a tradition to sum up the previous year from a virology perspective."
"Viruses often will attempt to break these rules, and in this sense, you can think of quality control as a first line of defense against invasive things like viruses."
"Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites; they engage host functions at every step in the reproduction cycle."
"We have lots of very exciting ways that we can use viruses to help us."
"Poliovirus has types 1, 2, and 3, and there's no crossover immunity from one to the other."
"The biggest threat that humanity could face would be a brand-new type of virus, not a new strain of an existing virus."
"This revolutionized virology; we could grow viruses in cells in culture, we don't have to use animals."
"The plaque assay is one of the greatest assays in all of science."
"It's been long known that viruses and other infectious illnesses often leave a small proportion of people with seemingly prolonged symptoms in their wake."
"A virologist is among the luckiest biologists because he can see into his chosen pet down to the details of all its molecules."
"Viruses are actually machines, molecular machines that play active roles in the delivery of the genome into the cell."
"Covid-19 is an RNA virus, so mutations are natural, it's more challenging to create a vaccine that's going to work for everyone forever."
"The purpose of the virus is to basically make copies of its genome and package these genomes into virions so that they can go on and infect new hosts."
"The genome of a positive single-stranded RNA virus is actually very infectious when introduced into the host."
"As soon as the capsid is made and the RNA is put in it, along with a molecule of reverse transcriptase, these particles begin reverse transcribing."
"Depending on where reverse transcription occurs can determine whether you are a DNA containing virus or an RNA containing virus."