Discipline And Punish: The Birth Of The Prison Quotes
"Justice pursues the body beyond all possible pain."
"The body of the accused, the speaking and, if necessary, suffering body, assured the interlocking of these two mechanisms."
"The body interrogated in torture constituted the point of application of the punishment and the locus of extortion of the truth."
"The body, according to this penality, is caught up in a system of constraints and privations, obligations and prohibitions."
"Punishment of a less immediately physical kind, a certain discretion in the art of inflicting pain, a combination of more subtle, more subdued sufferings, deprived of their visible display, should not all this be treated as a special case, an incidental effect of deeper changes?"
"The modern rituals of execution attest to this double process: the disappearance of the spectacle and the elimination of pain."
"Today, criminal justice functions and justifies itself only by this perpetual reference to something other than itself."
"The soul is the effect and instrument of a political anatomy; the soul is the prison of the body."
"Punishment, then, will tend to become the most hidden part of the penal process."
"The body is also directly involved in a political field; power relations have an immediate hold upon it."
"It was a defusion of the tensions that dominate human relations, ... a better control of violent impulses."
"The public execution, then, has a juridico-political function. It is a ceremonial by which a momentarily injured sovereignty is reconstituted."
"The right to be witnesses was one that [the people] possessed and claimed; a hidden execution was a privileged execution."
"The public execution allowed the luxury of these momentary saturnalia, when nothing remained to prohibit or to punish."
"The great spectacle of punishment ran the risk of being rejected by the very people to whom it was addressed."
"Criminality merged into a wider illegality, to which the lower strata were attached as to conditions of existence."
"The new juridical theory of penality corresponds in fact to a new 'political economy' of the power to punish."
"It was a whole new literature of crime developed: a literature in which crime is glorified, because it is one of the fine arts."
"In criminal matters, the most difficult point is the imposition of the penalty: it is the aim and the end of the procedure, and its only fruit, by example and terror, when it is well applied to the guilty person."
"The reform of criminal law must be read as a strategy for the rearrangement of the power to punish, according to modalities that render it more regular, more effective, more constant and more detailed in its effects."
"It proved necessary, therefore, to control these illicit practices and introduce new legislation to cover them."
"With the new forms of capital accumulation, new relations of production and the new legal status of property, all the popular practices that belonged, either in a silent, everyday, tolerated form, or in a violent form, to the illegality of rights were reduced by force to an illegality of property."
"The economy of illegalities was restructured with the development of capitalist society."
"The illegality of property was separated from the illegality of rights."
"The bourgeoisie reserved to itself the fruitful domain of the illegality of rights."
"There emerged the need for a constant policing concerned essentially with this illegality of property."
"Penal reform was born at the point of junction between the struggle against the super-power of the sovereign and that against the infra-power of acquired and tolerated illegalities."
"Humanity in the sentences was the rule given to a system of punishment that must fix their limits on both."
"The criminal appears as a juridically paradoxical being."
"The least crime attacks the whole of society; and the whole of society – including the criminal – is present in the least punishment."
"Penal punishment is therefore a generalized function, coextensive with the function of the social body and with each of its elements."
"The principle of moderation in punishment, even when it is a question of punishing the enemy of the social body, is articulated first as a discourse of the heart."
"Punishment must be an art of effects; rather than opposing the enormity of the penalty to the enormity of the crime, one must adjust to one another the two series that follow from the crime: its own effects and those of the penalty."
"The example of punishment is no longer a ritual that manifests; it is a sign that serves as an obstacle."
"A penal system must be conceived as a mechanism intended to administer illegalities differentially, not to eliminate them all."
"Constitute a new economy and a new technology of the power to punish: these are no doubt the essential raisons d’être of penal reform in the eighteenth century."
"The least crime attacks the entire social body; in order to punish him, society has the right to oppose him in its entirety."
"Indeed, he is worse than an enemy, for it is from within society that he delivers his blows – he is nothing less than a traitor, a ‘monster’."
"The right to punish has been shifted from the vengeance of the sovereign to the defence of society."
"Old ‘anatomies’ of punishment are abandoned. But have we really entered the age of non-corporal punishment?"
"So one punishes not to efface the crime, but to transform a criminal (actual or potential); punishment must bring with it a certain corrective technique."
"The system of penalties must be open to individual variables."
"The apparatus of corrective penality acts... not in the way that it is inserted within the legal system."
"Discipline is an art of rank, a technique for the transformation of arrangements."
"Discipline increases the forces of the body (in economic terms of utility) and diminishes these same forces (in political terms of obedience)."
"Discipline is a political anatomy of detail."
"The great technicians of rhythm and regular activities."
"The problem, then, is the following: how is it that, in the end, it was the third that was adopted?"
"The classical age discovered the body as object and target of power."
"Discipline creates out of the bodies it controls four types of individuality."
"Discipline 'makes' individuals; it is the specific technique of a power that regards individuals both as objects and as instruments of its exercise."
"The exercise of discipline presupposes a mechanism that coerces by means of observation."
"The perfect disciplinary apparatus would make it possible for a single gaze to see everything constantly."
"Discipline rewards simply by the play of awards, thus making it possible to attain higher ranks and places; it punishes by reversing this process."
"Discipline is a mechanism of power which regulates the thought and behavior of social actors."
"The plague-stricken town, traversed throughout with hierarchy, surveillance, observation, writing; the town immobilized by the functioning of an extensive power."
"The examination combines the techniques of an observing hierarchy and those of a normalizing judgement."
"Power is exercised more effectively when it is visible and unverifiable."
"The more one possesses power or privilege, the more one is marked as an individual."
"The Panopticon is a machine for creating and sustaining a power relation independent of the person who exercises it."
"The disciplines function increasingly as techniques for making useful individuals."
"Discipline increases the skill of each individual, coordinates these skills, accelerates movements, increases fire power, broadens the fronts of attack without reducing their vigour, increases the capacity for resistance."
"The discipline of the workshop, while remaining a way of enforcing respect for the regulations and authorities, of preventing thefts or losses, tends to increase aptitudes, speeds, output and therefore profits."
"The swarming of disciplinary mechanisms... have a certain tendency to become ‘de-institutionalized’, to emerge from the closed fortresses in which they once functioned and to circulate in a ‘free’ state."
"The organization of a centralized police... transposed them into a single, strict, administrative machine."
"Discipline creates between individuals a ‘private’ link, which is a relation of constraints entirely different from contractual obligation."
"The prison is not a workshop; it is, it must be of itself, a machine whose convict-workers are both the cogs and the products."
"The prison, the place where the penalty is carried out, is also the place of observation of punished individuals."
"The delinquent is to be distinguished from the offender by the fact that it is not so much his act as his life that is relevant in characterizing him."
"The introduction of the ‘biographical’ is important in the history of penality. Because it establishes the ‘criminal’ as existing before the crime and even outside it."
"The delinquent is also to be distinguished from the offender in that he is not only the author of his acts, but is linked to his offence by a whole bundle of complex threads."
"The penitentiary technique bears not on the relation between author and crime, but on the criminal’s affinity with his crime."
"The correlative of penal justice may well be the offender, but the correlative of the penitentiary apparatus is someone other; this is the delinquent, a biographical unity, a kernel of danger, representing a type of anomaly."
"It is said that the prison fabricated delinquents; it is true that it brings back, almost inevitably, before the courts those who have been sent there."
"The penitentiary technique and the delinquent are in a sense twin brothers."
"The prison, that darkest region in the apparatus of justice, is the place where the power to punish, which no longer dares to manifest itself openly, silently organizes a field of objectivity."
"The prison makes possible, even encourages, the organization of a milieu of delinquents, loyal to one another, hierarchized, ready to aid and abet any future criminal act."
"The prison cannot fail to produce delinquents. It does so by the very type of existence that it imposes on its inmates."
"Prisons do not diminish the crime rate: they can be extended, multiplied or transformed, the quantity of crime and criminals remains stable or, worse, increases."
"Detention causes recidivism; those leaving prison have more chance than before of going back to it."
"The prison, with its walls, its staff, its regulations, and its violence, combines in a single figure discourses and architectures, coercive regulations and scientific propositions."
"The establishment of a delinquency that constitutes something like an enclosed illegality has in fact a number of advantages."
"Delinquency, controlled illegality, is an agent for the illegality of the dominant groups."
"The existence of a legal prohibition creates around it a field of illegal practices, which one manages to supervise, while extracting from it an illicit profit through elements, themselves illegal, but rendered manipulable by their organization in delinquency."
"The production of delinquency and its investment by the penal apparatus must be taken for what they are: not results acquired once and for all, but tactics that shift according to how closely they reach their target."
"Were I to fix the date of completion of the carceral system, I would choose not 1810 and the penal code, nor even 1844, when the law laying down the principle of cellular internment was passed; I might not even choose 1838, when books on prison reform by Charles Lucas, Moreau-Christophe and Faucher were published."
"The small, highly hierarchized groups, into which the inmates were divided, followed simultaneously five models: that of the family, that of the army, that of the workshop, that of the school, lastly, the judicial model."
"The entire parapenal institution, which is created in order not to be a prison, culminates in the cell, on the walls of which are written in black letters: 'God sees you.'"
"The carceral network linked, through innumerable relations, the two long, multiple series of the punitive and the abnormal."
"The carceral network does not cast the unassimilable into a confused hell; there is no outside."
"The judges of normality are present everywhere. We are in the society of the teacher-judge, the doctor-judge, the educator-judge, the 'social worker'-judge."
"The carceral network constitutes one of the armatures of this power-knowledge that has made the human sciences historically possible."
"The carceral texture of society assures both the real capture of the body and its perpetual observation."
"The carceral system, which is its basic instrument, permitted the emergence of a new form of 'law': a mixture of legality and nature, prescription and constitution, the norm."
"The carceral 'naturalizes' the legal power to punish, as it 'legalizes' the technical power to discipline."
"The carceral system...succeeds in making the power to punish natural and legitimate, in lowering at least the threshold of tolerance to penality."
"The carceral archipelago transported this technique from the penal institution to the entire social body."
"The carceral network is the greatest support, in modern society, of the normalizing power."
"The disciplinary technique became a 'discipline' which also had its school."
"The extract from La Phalange reminds us of some of the more important ones: that at the centre of this city, and as if to hold it in place, there is, not the 'centre of power', not a network of forces, but a multiple network of diverse elements – walls, space, institution, rules, discourse."